Word Formation

    
                    WORD FORMATION

     Word formation is the formation of words by way of example incorporation, various ways, summarizing, borrowing word from other languages so that it will produce a new word.

     Kinds of Word Formation :

1. Coinage
     is the invention of totally new word. The typical process of coinage usually involves the extension of the product name from a specific reference to a more generally one.
Example :
kleenex, xerox, kodak

2. Acronym
     words that are formed from the initials of several words.
Example :
World Wide Web to be WWW
Random Acess Memory to be RAM
Compact Disk to be CD
World Health Organization to be WHO

3. Blending
     process of creating a new word by combining the parts of two different words, usually the beginning of one word and the end of another. Or, similar to compounds, but the parts of the word are deleted.
Example :
motor + hotel to be motel
breakfast + lunch to be brunch
wireless + fidelity to be wifi

4. Clipping
     process of creating new words by shortening parts of a longer word. Or, shortening a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.
Example :
hamburger to be burger
gasoline to be gas
influenza to be flu

Types of clipping :
a. Back Clipping (apocopation)
     is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained. The unclipped original may be either a simple or composite.
Example :
fax (facsimile)
exam (examination)
math (mathematic)
gas (gasoline)

b. Fore-clipping (ophaeresis)
     retains the final part.
Example :
phone (telephone)
gator (alligator)

c. Middle Clipping (syncope)
     the middle of the word is retained.
Example :
flu (influenza)
polly (apollinaris)
tec (detective)
jams (pyjamas)

d. Complex Clipping
     clipped forms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often remains intact.
Example :
cablegram (cabletelegram)
op art (optical art)
org man (organization man)

5. Conversion
     assigning an already existing word to a new syntatic category.
Example :
bottle the water
we need the bottle of water now, I am thirsty.

6. Derivation
     process of forming a new word by means of affixation (prefix, infix, and suffix).
Example :
  a. Derivational prefix :
       Verb
       Close to be enclose
       Danger to be endanger
       Adverb
       Side to be aside
       Long to be along
       Way to be away
  b. Derivational infix :
      the word "cupful" can be made plural as "cup(s)ful". Infixes sometimes occur in facetious creations like "absobloodytely".
  c. Derivational suffix :
      Adjective to Noun
-ness (happy to be happiness)
      Adjective to Verb
-ise (modern to be modernise)
      Noun to Verb
-fy (glory to be glorify)

7. Onomatopoeia
     word created from the sounds that represent the noun.
Example :
cook-a-doo (kukuruyuk)
meow (meong)

8. Compounding
     two or more words joines together to form a new word.
Example :
home + work to be homework
pick + pocket to be pickpocket

9. Back Formation
     creative reduction due to incorrect morphological analysis.
Example :
editor to be edit

10. Stress Shift
       no affix is added to the base.
Example :
combine (can be Verb, an also Noun)

11. Borrowing
       the word is taken another language.
Example :
banana (it is from the language of Africa)